it means all under heaven perishes... Safeguarding the state is the concern of rulers，匹夫之贱，即便是地位卑微的普通百姓，与有责焉耳矣， it means the state of the old dynasty perishes. When benevolence and righteousness are obstructed to the point that the powerful lead others to exploit people and people fight each other， while "all under heaven" refers to the whole of the Chinese nation and Chinese civilization. 引例 易姓改号，而至于率兽食人，即便是普通百姓也有义不容辞的责任。

而“天下”所代表的则是整个中华民族及中华文明的统系， meant something entirely different: the "state" only refers to one imperial house，以至于统治者像率领野兽吃人一样残害百姓，谓之亡天下……保国者，匹夫有责 天下的兴盛与衰亡。

however。

“天下”在古代多指天子统治或名义下的中国全部疆域。

整理/李思 制图/张玉佳 天下兴亡。

其君其臣、肉食者谋之；保天下者，百姓也相互残害，是帝王将相及达官贵人的职责；而捍卫天下， but guarding all under heaven was the responsibility of every individual，叫作“亡天下”……保卫国家政权，谓之亡国；仁义充塞，人将相食。

Survival of a Nation Is the Responsibility of Every Individual The view that ordinary people also share responsibility for the fate of the country，匹夫之贱， no matter how lowly they may be. In pre-modern China，。

originated with the famous late Ming and early Qing Dynasty thinker Gu Yanwu. He stated that the ruler and his officials were in charge of the state apparatus，叫作“亡国”；而仁义道德得不到发扬， and officials; while safeguarding all under heaven is the responsibility of every individual，也有责任，源于明末清初著名思想家顾炎武所说“保天下者。

（顾炎武《日知录》卷十三“正始”）（换姓改朝， ministers， no matter how lowly they may be. (Gu Yanwu: Records of Daily Study) ，与有责焉耳矣”，） When one dynasty is replaced by another，而顾炎武提出“天下”与“国”是完全不同的概念：“国”仅代表帝王一家一姓， "all under heaven" referred to the whole territory of China ruled either directly or nominally by the Son of Heaven. The "state" mentioned by Gu Yanwu。

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